Saudi Arabia’s role in advancing regional peace and development

Saudi Arabia occupies an influential position in the Middle East, as it is uniquely positioned to foster peace and sustainability amid long-standing conflicts, particularly the Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands. The Kingdom’s efforts have the potential to lead to significant progress, but the situation remains complex due to entrenched ideologies and historical grievances. This article will explore Saudi Arabia’s pivotal role, the promise of the two-state solution and what is known as the “two-return solution,” counterarguments to these approaches and the obstacles that lie ahead in the quest for peace.

As a key player in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia can assume a crucial role in mediating peace talks, drawing on its religious significance in Islam and its foreign policy orientation, which is aimed at promoting regional stability. Recent strides, such as potentially normalizing relations with Israel based on the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002, signify a transformative shift in regional dynamics. This newfound collaboration not only paves the way for initiatives that promote sustainability and social development throughout the Middle East, but it also aligns with the Kingdom’s Vision 2030, which is aimed at broader economic diversification and social reform.

The two-state solution, grounded in international law, seeks to establish an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. This framework respects the national aspirations of both parties, aiming for cohabitation within a structure that acknowledges their respective rights. Proponents argue that establishing clear borders, mutual recognition and cooperation on security and economic matters provides a roadmap toward lasting peace. An ambitious extension of this concept could lead to a broader confederation, fostering cooperation not only between Israel and Palestine but potentially with neighboring states as well.

Complementing the two-state solution, the two-return solution addresses the historical grievances of both Palestinian refugees and Jewish individuals who settled in the region. This innovative approach recognizes the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their ancestral homes while simultaneously validating the narratives of Jewish communities that have contributed significantly to the region’s development. 

By confronting the issue of displacement, which continues to fuel the ongoing occupation, this solution seeks to foster reconciliation. A crucial aspect of its viability is the provision of adequate compensation for all affected parties, which is essential for mitigating the emotional and material damage caused by displacement and for laying the groundwork for healing.

Despite the promising nature of the two-state and two-return solutions, significant hurdles stand in the way of their realization. Critics contend that the realities on the ground make these frameworks nearly unattainable. For instance, the expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank complicates the establishment of a viable second state. Likewise, the fragmentation within Palestinian governance exemplified by the divisions between the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza further complicates efforts to create a unified Palestinian leadership capable of negotiating effectively.

Additionally, skepticism persists regarding Israel’s commitment to pursuing a two-state solution. Historical precedents indicate that past negotiations have often faltered amid waves of violence and mutual distrust. Some factions within the Israeli government advocate for a one-state solution that would allow them to maintain control without substantive negotiations. Such sentiments only exacerbate the doubts surrounding the feasibility of a two-state resolution.

Historical grievances present another substantial obstacle. The trauma experienced by both Palestinians and Jews must be duly recognized and addressed to foster an environment conducive to meaningful negotiation. Employing restorative justice principles, establishing reconciliation committees and engaging in truth-telling initiatives may prove vital in dismantling the barriers built up over decades of conflict.

Both sides require spaces for dialogue that acknowledge their respective traumas. Building trust among communities through shared narratives and understanding can lead to the groundwork necessary for reconciliation and mutual respect.

Saudi Arabia’s potential role as a mediator in advancing peace and sustainability is undeniably significant. However, critical scrutiny of its involvement is warranted. The Kingdom has made significant strides in advancing developmental initiatives, yet it faces a range of underlying challenges that could hinder its progress.

One key element of Saudi Arabia’s influence is its ability to champion international law as a framework for accountability. By advocating for adherence to these laws, the Kingdom can encourage all parties, Israel included, to be held accountable for their actions in the ongoing conflict. This endeavor not only fosters a sense of justice but also aligns with the global community’s aspirations for a fair and lasting resolution.

However, the role of the US complicates this landscape. Although Washington wields the power to impose consequences on Israeli leaders, evolving global dynamics and shifting international alliances could undermine its effectiveness. As the world order shifts, the US may find it increasingly challenging to maintain its historical position of influence, particularly amid growing opposition within the international community. This situation underscores the necessity for Saudi Arabia to adopt a more proactive role, aligning its initiatives with broader goals of justice and sustainability while working in concert with international partners to foster a peaceful and stable Middle East.

Moreover, the implications of America’s withdrawal or hesitation in supporting Israel’s leadership must be acknowledged. Potential parallels to the Ukraine situation highlight the need for countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia, to build strong, independent coalitions that do not rely solely on distant allies. Such developments necessitate caution in attributing too much agency to any single actor, including Saudi Arabia, within this intricate landscape.

A sustainable resolution to the conflict demands a comprehensive approach that embraces humanitarian, economic and political dimensions. Saudi Arabia’s vision for a peaceful Middle East must be intricately tied to a genuine respect for the rights and aspirations of all stakeholders, particularly marginalized groups. This includes addressing not just immediate concerns, but also the socioeconomic drivers of conflict that perpetuate cycles of violence.

An independent Palestinian state, free from occupation and capable of coexisting alongside Israel in a peaceful confederation, represents a longer-term solution that prioritizes coexistence. Such an approach emphasizes mutual respect and collaboration, fostering an environment conducive to a more stable Middle East — one where previously warring factions can unite in pursuit of shared prosperity.

A sustainable resolution to the conflict demands a comprehensive approach that embraces humanitarian, economic and political dimensions.

Dr. Turki Faisal Al-Rasheed

In conclusion, Saudi Arabia possesses the potential to play a pivotal role in advancing peace and sustainability in the Middle East. However, this potential can only be realized through a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in the region’s conflicts. The two-state and two-return solutions offer valuable frameworks for addressing long-standing grievances and fostering reconciliation, yet significant challenges persist.

Real progress will demand genuine political will, a commitment to justice and a more inclusive approach to understanding the diverse needs of both Israelis and Palestinians. By promoting diplomatic initiatives, addressing historical grievances and championing developmental projects, Saudi Arabia can facilitate transformative shifts in the region’s landscape.

In navigating this intricate terrain, the Kingdom can emerge as a bridge-builder, turning conflict into cooperation and offering hope for a sustainable and peaceful future for all people in the Middle East. The vision of a cooperative regional landscape, where peace and prosperity intertwine, relies on the concerted efforts of not just Saudi Arabia but all stakeholders committed to advancing dialogue, understanding and mutual respect in a historically fragmented space. Thus, while the journey is fraught with obstacles, the promise of a united and flourishing future remains within reach, contingent on sustained commitment and collaborative action.

• Dr. Turki Faisal Al-Rasheed is an adjunct professor at the University of Arizona’s College of Agriculture, Life & Environmental  Sciences, in the Department of Biosystems Engineering. He is the author of “Agricultural Development Strategies: The Saudi Experience.” X: @TurkiFRasheed